A 77-year-old woman recently discovered she has a left staghorn calculus measuring 2-by-3 centimeters after undergoing an abdominal and pelvic CT scan to rule out diverticulitis. This condition, which was not present in 2019, has led to symptoms including gas, gas pains, and diarrhea resembling those of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), a condition she has experienced for years.
Staghorn calculi are a particular type of kidney stone that can significantly obstruct the collecting system of the kidney. These stones are commonly associated with struvite, a type of kidney stone composed of magnesium ammonium phosphate. Struvite stones typically form in conditions of high urinary pH, which is often a result of chronic urinary tract infections.
While struvite stones are a well-known cause of staghorn calculi, these stones can also be comprised of other common types of kidney stones. These include calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, and uric acid, or a combination of these materials. The presence of a staghorn calculus can lead to various complications, including persistent infection, kidney damage, and severe pain.
Treatment options for staghorn calculi typically include several approaches, primarily focusing on minimizing kidney damage and alleviating symptoms. Lithotripsy, a non-invasive procedure that uses shock waves to break down stones into smaller pieces, is one of the most common techniques employed. This method allows for easier passage of the stone through the urinary tract.
In cases where lithotripsy is not effective or feasible, surgical intervention may be necessary. Traditional surgical methods such as percutaneous nephrolithotomy can be performed to remove the stone directly. However, patients often seek alternatives to surgery.
For those considering non-surgical options, medical management may include medications aimed at dissolving specific types of stones, or lifestyle changes to prevent the formation of additional stones. Increased fluid intake and dietary modifications can also play a significant role in managing the condition and reducing the risk of future occurrences.
It is essential for individuals diagnosed with staghorn calculi to consult with a healthcare professional for personalized treatment recommendations. By understanding the underlying causes and available treatment options, patients can make informed decisions about their health and well-being.
