Parents should be aware of the impact of seasonal affective disorder (SAD), a type of depression that typically follows a seasonal pattern. While many experience the “winter blues,” characterized by feelings of sadness and fatigue during shorter days, SAD is a more serious condition that can affect both adults and children. The most prevalent form of SAD occurs in winter, though some individuals may experience symptoms in spring and summer.
The onset of seasonal affective disorder often occurs in a person’s early 20s, with a notable decrease in risk as one ages. Children and adolescents are not immune to this condition, and it can manifest in older children and teenagers. Diagnosis is most common among young women, but studies indicate that men may experience more severe symptoms when diagnosed.
Individuals with a family history of SAD or those residing in northern latitudes, where winter daylight hours are notably reduced, are at an increased risk for developing the disorder. Symptoms of SAD can include social withdrawal, loss of interest in previously enjoyed activities, sleep disturbances, decreased appetite, and cravings for comfort foods, particularly those high in carbohydrates. These dietary choices can contribute to fatigue and weight gain.
Those affected may also experience feelings of anxiety and irritability. Symptoms can differ based on whether the individual suffers from winter or spring/summer SAD, with spring/summer forms typically exhibiting more prominent issues related to sleep disturbances.
Research has yet to definitively identify the causes of seasonal affective disorder. However, evidence suggests that disruptions in the body’s natural circadian rhythm—its cycle of sleeping and waking—may play a significant role. With decreasing daylight in winter, the body’s internal clock can become misaligned, leading to depressive symptoms. Additionally, sunlight influences the brain’s production of melatonin, which regulates sleep, and serotonin, which combats depression. During winter months, increased melatonin and decreased serotonin production can exacerbate feelings of sadness.
Diagnosing SAD in children can be especially challenging, as many mental health disorders emerge over time. Pediatricians often first assess for general depression or anxiety and then evaluate the symptom pattern over time. A formal diagnosis is made if a child meets the criteria for depression and has displayed a seasonal pattern of symptoms for at least two years.
To diagnose SAD, physicians typically conduct a medical examination to rule out other potential causes of the symptoms. They may also use questionnaires to gauge mood and identify seasonal patterns.
There are several effective treatments for easing the symptoms of seasonal affective disorder. Most treatments emphasize increased exposure to sunlight. This can be achieved through methods such as opening window shades, spending more time outdoors, using light therapy, or employing a dawn simulator that gradually lights the bedroom to mimic an earlier sunrise. Other helpful strategies include regular exercise, maintaining a healthy diet, and even scheduling vacations to sunnier climates during the winter months.
In cases where these strategies are insufficient, prescription antidepressants may be recommended to help regulate serotonin and other neurotransmitters that influence mood. It is important to note that antidepressants carry a “black box” warning regarding the risk of suicidal thoughts and behavior. Parents whose children are prescribed these medications should closely monitor for signs of agitation, anxiety, or insomnia and ensure regular follow-ups with their healthcare provider.
Recognizing and addressing symptoms of seasonal affective disorder is crucial for both parents and children. Early and dedicated treatment can transform the darker days of winter into a period of family togetherness. If symptoms persist or significantly disrupt daily life, families are encouraged to consult their child’s pediatrician for guidance on next steps and additional support.
Sarah Adams, MD, FAAP, a pediatrician and national spokesperson for the American Academy of Pediatrics, highlights the importance of understanding and addressing mental health concerns in children. She also hosts the podcast Growing Up with Dr. Sarah, where she provides evidence-based advice for promoting children’s health and well-being.
